Shopping on line can be easy, simple and save you lots of money. It can also take a lot of your time, frustrate you, and result in unwanted purchases. Now the same can be said for regular high street shopping, but with the vast opportunity presented by the Internet it will pay you to spend a few minutes reading this and understanding how to better optimize your Supervolcano shopping experience:

1. Compare - without doubt the biggest advantage that the Supervolcano offers shoppers today is the ability to compare thousands of Supervolcano at a time. This is a great thing, but not necessarily all the time! Too much can be daunting at times so take advantage of the great comparison sites and where possible let them do the hard work for you.

2. Research - if it has been said it will be on the internet. Ignorance is no longer a justifiable reason for buying the wrong thing. Take the time to research in detail everything that you could possible want to know about

3. Testimonials - don't know anybody that has bought a Supervolcano? Wrong! If the Supervolcano is good the internet will let you know. Use the Internet as a friend and get testimonials before you buy.

4. Questions - Got a question about Supervolcano then search the Forums, FAQ's, Blogs etc. Don't be afraid to ask .....

5. Reputation - Never heard of the company selling Supervolcano? Don't worry, no reason why you should know every company in the world, but you know someone that does! Use the internet to find out what people are saying about Supervolcano and build up a picture of their reputation for sales, returns, customer service, delivery etc.

6. Returns - still worried that even after all of the above your Supervolcano wont be what you want? Check out the returns policy. There is so much competition now that someone, somewhere is bound to offer the terms that you are comfortable with.

7. Feedback - happy with your Supervolcano then let people know, after all you are depending on others people input in your buying decision, so why not give a little back.

8. Security - check for the yellow padlock on the Supervolcano site before you buy, and the s after http:/ /i.e. https:// = a secure site

9. Contact - got a question about Supervolcano, or want to leave a comment then check out the sites contact page. Reputable companies have them and respond.

10. Payment - ready to pay for your Supervolcano, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.

For the docudrama, see Supervolcano (docudrama)

A supervolcano is a volcano that produces the largest and most volume kinds of eruption on Earth. The Volcanic Explosivity Index of such eruptions varies, but the volume of ejected tephra is enough to radically alter the landscape and severely affect Global climate model for years, with cataclysmic consequences for life (see also volcanic winter).

Word origin The term was originally coined by the producers of the BBC popular science program, Horizon (BBC TV series), in 2000 to refer to these types of eruption. BBC TV Horizon, 3 February 2000, Supervolcanoes USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory That investigation brought the subject more into the public eye, leading to further studies of the possible effects.

Large igneous provinces A large igneous province (LIP) is an extensive region of basalts on a continental scale, resulting from flood basalt eruptions. When created, these regions often occupy several million km² and have volumes on the order of 1 million km³. In most cases, the majority of this is laid down over an extended but geologically sudden period of about several million years.

Massive eruptions Eruptions with a Volcanic Explosivity Index of 8 (VEI-8) are mega-colossal events that eject at least 1,000 cubic kilometer of pyroclastic material.

VEI-8 eruptions are so powerful that they form circular calderas rather than mountains because the downward collapse of land at the eruption site fills emptied space in the magma chamber beneath. The caldera can remain for millions of years after all volcanic activity at the site has ceased.

Known eruptions .

VEI-8 volcanic events have included eruptions at the following locations. Estimates of the volume of erupted material are given in parentheses.



The Lake Toba eruption plunged the Earth into a volcanic winter, eradicating an estimated 60%Stanley H. Ambrose, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1998 Knight, M.D., Walker, G.P.L., Ellwood, B.B., and Diehl, J.F., 1986, Stratigraphy, paleomagnetism, and magnetic fabric of the Toba Tuffs: Constraints on their sources and eruptive styles: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 91, p. 10,355-10,382. Ninkovich, D., Sparks, R.S.J., and Ledbetter, M.T., 1978, The exceptional magnitude and intensity of the Toba eruption, Sumatra: An example of using deep-sea tephra layers as a geological tool: Bulletin Volcanologique, v. 41, p. 286-298. Rose, W.I., and Chesner, C.A., 1987, Dispersal of ash in the great Toba eruption, 75 ka: Geology, v. 15, p. 913-917. Simkin, T., and Siebert, L., 1994, Volcanoes of the World: Geoscience Press, Tucson, Arizona, 349 p. Williams, M.A.J., and Royce, K., 1982, Quaternary geology of the Middle Son Valley, north central India: Implications for prehistoric archaeology: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 38, p. 139-162. of the human population (although humans managed to survive even in the vicinity of the volcanoMichael Petraglia et al., Science v.317, p.114 (2007) ), and was responsible for the formation of sulfuric acid in the atmosphere.

Many other supermassive eruptions have also occurred in the geological past. Those listed below measured 7 on the VEI scale. Most of these were larger than Mount Tambora's eruption in 1815 (160 km³), which was the largest eruption in recorded history.



For large flood basalt eruptions, see large igneous province.

Media portrayal A National Geographic documentary called Earth Shocks portrayed the destructive impact of the rapid eruption of Lake Toba some 75,000 years ago, which caused a phenomenon known as the Millennial Ice Age that lasted for 1000 years and wiped out more than 60%Stanley H. Ambrose, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1998Knight, M.D., Walker, G.P.L., Ellwood, B.B., and Diehl, J.F., 1986, Stratigraphy, paleomagnetism, and magnetic fabric of the Toba Tuffs: Constraints on their sources and eruptive styles: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 91, p. 10,355-10,382.Ninkovich, D., Sparks, R.S.J., and Ledbetter, M.T., 1978, The exceptional magnitude and intensity of the Toba eruption, Sumatra: An example of using deep-sea tephra layers as a geological tool: Bulletin Volcanologique, v. 41, p. 286-298. Rose, W.I., and Chesner, C.A., 1987, Dispersal of ash in the great Toga eruption, 75 ka: Geology, v. 15, p. 913-917. Simkin, T., and Siebert, L., 1994, Volcanoes of the World: Geoscience Press, Tucson, Arizona, 349 p.Williams, M.A.J., and Royce, K., 1982, Quaternary geology of the Middle Son Valley, north central India: Implications for prehistoric archaeology: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 38, p. 139-162. of the global population of the time.

An eruption of the Yellowstone supervolcano was originally one of the scenarios depicted in the docu-drama End Day, but was excluded from all airings to date for unknown reasons and is only presently mentioned at the show's BBC website (dead as of May 18, 2007; Internet Archive version).

In 2005, a two-part television docudrama entitled Supervolcano (docudrama) was shown on BBC, the Discovery Channel, and other television networks worldwide. It looked at the events that could take place if the Yellowstone Caldera erupted. It featured footage of volcano eruptions from around the world and computer-generated imagery depicting the event. According to the program, such an eruption would have devastating effect across the globe and would cover virtually all of the United States with at least 1 cm of volcanic ash, causing mass destruction in the nearby vicinity and killing plants and wildlife across the continent. The dramatic elements in the program were followed by Supervolcano: The Truth About Yellowstone, a documentary about the evidence behind the Film. The program had originally been scheduled to be aired in early 2005, but it was felt that this would be insensitive so soon after the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. The program and its accompanying documentaries were released on DVD region code simultaneously with its broadcast.

In 2006, the Sci Fi Channel (United States) aired the documentary Countdown to Doomsday (documentary) which featured a segment called "Supervolcano".

In the Stargate Atlantis episode Inferno (Stargate Atlantis), the main characters are caught in the eruption of a supervolcano and escape using an Ancient warship.

See also

References
 

Supervolcano



 
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